Purpose of review: The diagnosis and management of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) has been surrounded by controversy since this disorder was first recognized. Recent evidence from observational studies has helped us better understand the pathophysiology of different TOS subtypes and guide clinical decision making for this disorder.
Contemporary Management 6th Edition Pdf
Recent findings: The identification of anatomic anomalies involved with the cause of different TOS subtypes has been made easier by contemporary diagnostic techniques. This includes the injection of neuromuscular blocking agents into anterior scalene muscles to help confirm the diagnosis of neurogenic TOS. Surgical intervention by means of first rib resection and anterior scalenectomy is an effective treatment for patients diagnosed with neurogenic and venous TOS, resulting in a significant increase in quality-of-life measures for the majority of patients. Patients with acute and chronic venous TOS should be maintained on anticoagulation during the perioperative period and may not need thrombolysis prior to surgery. Finally, patients with arterial TOS should undergo cervical or first rib resection with or without arterial reconstruction to alleviate and prevent recurrence of symptoms.
Summary: The management of TOS requires a multidisciplinary approach with specific treatment algorithms for each TOS subtype. Appropriately selected patients with all different types of TOS may benefit from surgical intervention.
Psychological approaches to managing SB include biofeedback, hypnotherapy, cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, stress, and relaxation management. The efficacies of these methods have not been established despite the documented associations between SB and psychosocial factors. When cognitive-behavioral therapy (comprising of muscle relaxation, nocturnal biofeedback as well as training of recreation and enjoyment) was compared to the use of occlusal splints, no difference in SB activity reduction, self-assessment of SB activity and associated symptoms, psychological impairment as well as increased positive stress-coping strategies was found between the two treatment groups.[51] Dental treatment for SB usually takes the form of occlusal therapy (i.e., occlusal adjustment and/or rehabilitation) and occlusal splints. As there is no scientific evidence for the role of occlusion in the etiology of SB,[15] extensive irreversible occlusal therapy is not advocated unless the dentition is markedly worn and requires reconstruction. Occlusal splints are removable appliances made of hard acrylic or soft vinyl that fits between the maxillary and mandibular teeth. The purpose of occlusal splints is to protect teeth and restorations from attrition and adverse traumatic loading. Depending of their designs, occlusal splints can also unload, stabilize, and improve functions of the TMJ as well as reduce abnormal muscle activity, muscle pain, and improve functions of the masticatory motor system.
This text is designed to be a comprehensive and state-of-the art approach in managing straight forward to complex arterial reconstructions. Sections will focus on carotid/vertebral anatomy, physiology, diagnostic modalities. Subsequent chapters will focus on specific disease processes and their management with best medical therapy neurointerventions (carotid artery stenting) and open reconstructions like carotid endarterectomy and arterial reconstructions for vertebral artery disease. In addition, management of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms, carotid body tumors and carotid trauma will be covered in detail. Modern techniques in rehabilitation practice for stroke patients will also be addressed. The authors will be recognized experts in their field, whether an acknowledged academic leader or a well respected community based surgeon.
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